Energy Futures Initiative (2020): Uncharted Waters. Expanding the Options for Carbon Dioxide Removal in Coastal and Ocean Environments (Frontiers of CDR: Accelerating Underexplored Solutions to the Climate Crisis).

"Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations have adversely affected the marine environment in three ways—ocean warming, ocean acidification and deoxygenation—all of which have had deleterious effects on the ocean’s living resources."

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Ai, Xuyuan E.; Studer, Anja S.; Sigman, Daniel M.; Martínez-García, Alfredo; Fripiat, François; Thöle, Lena M. et al. (2020): Southern Ocean upwelling, Earth's obliquity, and glacial-interglacial atmospheric CO2 change. In Science (New York, N.Y.) 370 (6522), pp. 1348–1352. DOI: 10.1126/science.abd2115.

"Here, high-resolution diatom-bound nitrogen isotope measurements from the Indian sector of the Antarctic Zone reveal three modes of change in Southern Westerly Wind–driven upwelling, each affecting atmospheric carbon dioxide."

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"Ethereal, swaying pillars of brown kelp along California's coasts grow up through the water column, culminating in a dense surface canopy of thick fronds that provide homes and refuge for numerous marine creatures. There's speculation that these giant algae may protect coastal ecosystems by helping alleviate acidification caused by too much atmospheric carbon being absorbed by the seas."

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"A new paper published in the journal Science of the Total Environment from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) puts an economic value on the benefit of research to improve knowledge of the biological carbon pump and reduce the uncertainty of ocean carbon sequestration estimates."

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