"There's really no scenario that meets the world's climate goals without negative emissions," said Katharine Mach, a senior research scientist at Stanford's School of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences. "But most technologies for carbon removal are immature, largely unavailable or expensive."

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Séférian, Roland; Rocher, Matthias; Guivarch, Celine; Colin, Jeanne (2018): Constraints on biomass energy deployment in mitigation pathways. The case of water scarcity. In Environ. Res. Lett. DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/aabcd7.

"Here, we assess climate constraints relative to water scarcity in response to the global deployment of BECCS. To this end, we confront results from an Earth system model (ESM) and an Integrated assessment model (IAM) under an array of 25 stringent mitigation pathways. These pathways are compatible with the Paris Agreement long-term temperature goal and with cumulative carbon emissions ranging from 230 Pg C and 300 Pg C from January 1st onwards. "

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Winning, Matthew; Pye, Steve; Glynn, James; Scamman, Daniel; Welsby, Daniel (2018): How Low Can We Go? The Implications of Delayed Ratcheting and Negative Emissions Technologies on Achieving Well Below 2 °C. In George Giannakidis, Kenneth Karlsson, Maryse Labriet, Brian Ó. Gallachóir (Eds.): Limiting Global Warming to Well Below 2 °C. Energy System Modelling and Policy Development. Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 51–65.

"In this chapter, we consider the impacts of delaying ratcheting until 2030 on global emissions trajectories towards 2 °C and 1.5 °C, and the role of offsets via negative emissions technologies (NETs). The analysis suggests that delaying action makes pursuing the 1.5 °C goal especially difficult without extremely high levels of negative emissions technologies (NETs), such as carbon capture and storage combined with bioenergy (BECCS). Depending on the availability of biomass, other NETs beyond BECCS will be required. Policymakers must also realise that the outlook for fossil fuels are closely linked to the prospects for NETs."

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Fridahl, Mathias; Lehtveer, Mariliis (2018): Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS). Global potential, investment preferences, and deployment barriers. In Energy Research & Social Science 42, pp. 155–165. DOI: 10.1016/j.erss.2018.03.019.

"Using questionnaire data from UN climate change conferences, this paper explores the influence of expertise, actor type, and origin on respondents’ a) preferences for investing in BECCS, b) views of the role of BECCS as a mitigation technology, globally and domestically, and c) assessment of possible domestic barriers to BECCS deployment. Non-parametric statistical analysis reveals the low priority assigned to investments in BECCS, the anticipated high political and social constraints on deployment, and a gap between its low perceived domestic potential to contribute to mitigation and a slightly higher perceived global potential."

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